Integer Multiplication is Closed

Theorem

The set of integers is closed under multiplication:

$\forall a, b \in \Z: a \times b \in \Z$

Let us define $\eqclass {\tuple {a, b} } \boxminus$ as in the formal definition of integers.

That is, $\eqclass {\tuple {a, b} } \boxminus$ is an equivalence class of ordered pairs of natural numbers under the congruence relation $\boxminus$.

$\boxminus$ is the congruence relation defined on $\N \times \N$ by:

$\tuple {x_1, y_1} \boxminus \tuple {x_2, y_2} \iff x_1 + y_2 = x_2 + y_1$

In order to streamline the notation, we will use $\eqclass {a, b} {}$ to mean $\eqclass {\tuple {a, b} } \boxminus$, as suggested.

Integer multiplication is defined as:

$\forall a, b, c, d \in \N: \eqclass {a, b} {} \times \eqclass {c, d} {} = \eqclass {a c + b d, a d + b c} {}$

We have that:

$\forall a, b, c, d \in \N: \eqclass {a, b} {} \in \Z, \eqclass {c, d} {} \in \Z$

Also:

$\forall a, b, c, d \in \N: \eqclass {a, b} {} \times \eqclass {c, d} {} = \eqclass {a c + b d, a d + b c} {}$

But:

$a c + b d \in \N, a d + b c \in \N$

So:

$\forall a, b, c, d \in \N: \eqclass {a c + b d, a d + b c} {} \in \Z$

Therefore integer multiplication is closed.

$\blacksquare$

1969: C.R.J. Clapham: Introduction to Abstract Algebra ... (previous) ... (next): Chapter $1$: Integral Domains: $\S 2$. Operations: Example $1$
1981: Murray R. Spiegel: Theory and Problems of Complex Variables (SI ed.) ... (previous) ... (next): $1$: Complex Numbers: The Real Number System: $2$
1994: H.E. Rose: A Course in Number Theory (2nd ed.) ... (previous) ... (next): $1$ Divisibility: $1.1$ The Euclidean algorithm and unique factorization
2000: James R. Munkres: Topology (2nd ed.) ... (previous) ... (next): $1$: Set Theory and Logic: $\S 4$: The Integers and the Real Numbers