Square Modulo 4

Theorem

Let $x \in \Z$ be an integer.


Then $x$ is:

even if and only if $x^2 \equiv 0 \pmod 4$
odd if and only if $x^2 \equiv 1 \pmod 4$


Proof

\(\ds x\) \(=\) \(\ds 2 k\)
\(\ds \leadstoandfrom \ \ \) \(\ds x^2\) \(=\) \(\ds \paren {2 k}^2\)
\(\ds \) \(=\) \(\ds 4 k^2\)
\(\ds \) \(\equiv\) \(\ds 0\) \(\ds \pmod 4\)

$\Box$


\(\ds x\) \(=\) \(\ds 2 k + 1\)
\(\ds \leadstoandfrom \ \ \) \(\ds x^2\) \(=\) \(\ds \paren {2 k + 1}^2\)
\(\ds \) \(=\) \(\ds 4 \paren {k^2 + k} + 1\)
\(\ds \) \(\equiv\) \(\ds 1\) \(\ds \pmod 4\)

$\blacksquare$


Also see


Sources

  • 1980: David M. Burton: Elementary Number Theory (revised ed.) ... (previous) ... (next): Chapter $2$: Divisibility Theory in the Integers: $2.1$ The Division Algorithm