Polycystic ovary syndrome
| Polycystic ovary syndrome | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Hyperandrogenic anovulation (HA), Stein-Leventhal syndrome |
| A polycystic ovary | |
| Specialty | Gynecology, endocrinology |
| Symptoms | Irregular menstrual periods, heavy periods, excess hair, acne, difficulty getting pregnant, patches of thick, darker, velvety skin |
| Complications | Type 2 diabetes, obesity, obstructive sleep apnea, heart disease, mood disorders, endometrial cancer |
| Duration | Long term |
| Causes | Genetic and environmental factors |
| Risk factors | Obesity, not enough exercise, family history |
| Diagnostic method | Based on irregular periods, high androgen levels, ovarian cysts |
| Differential diagnosis | Adrenal hyperplasia, hypothyroidism, high blood levels of prolactin |
| Management | Healthy lifestyle, medication |
| Medication | Birth control pills, metformin, GLP-1, anti-androgens |
| Frequency | 5 to 18% of women of childbearing age |
Polycystic ovary syndrome, or polycystic ovarian syndrome, (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age. The name originated from the observation of cysts which form on the ovaries of some women with this condition. However, this is not a universal symptom and is not the underlying cause of the disorder.
The primary characteristics of PCOS include hyperandrogenism, anovulation, insulin resistance, and neuroendocrine disruption. Women may also experience irregular menstrual periods, heavy periods, excess hair, acne, difficulty getting pregnant, and patches of darker skin.
The exact cause of PCOS remains uncertain.
Estimates of prevalence vary: PCOS occurs in between 5% and 18% of women. Management can involve medication to regulate menstrual cycles, to reduce acne and excess hair growth, and to help with fertility. In addition, women can be monitored for cardiometabolic risks, and during pregnancy. A healthy lifestyle and weight control are recommended for general management.