Proglucagon

GCG
Available structures
PDB	Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB
List of PDB id codes
	1BH0, 1NAU, 2G49, 2M5P, 2M5Q,%%s4ZGM, 4APD, 3IOL, 1D0R,%%s2L64, 2L63
Identifiers
Aliases	GCG, GLP1, glucagon, GRPP, GLP-1, GLP2
External IDs	OMIM: 138030; MGI: 95674; HomoloGene: 136497; GeneCards: GCG; OMA:GCG - orthologs
Gene location (Human)
Chr.	Chromosome 2 (human)
End	162,152,404 bp
Gene location (Mouse)
Chr.	Chromosome 2 (mouse)
End	62,313,994 bp
RNA expression pattern
	Top expressed in
	beta cell; ; body of pancreas; ; rectum; ; mucosa of sigmoid colon; ; mucosa of ileum; ; testicle; ; mucosa of transverse colon; ; epithelium of colon; ; jejunal mucosa; ; appendix;
	Top expressed in
	islet of Langerhans; ; crypt of lieberkuhn of small intestine; ; ileum; ; large intestine; ; colon; ; lens; ; Paneth cell; ; left colon; ; jejunum; ; epithelium of small intestine;
	More reference expression data
	More reference expression data
Gene ontology
Molecular function	protein binding; identical protein binding; hormone activity; glucagon receptor binding; signaling receptor binding;
Cellular component	cytoplasm; endoplasmic reticulum lumen; extracellular region; secretory granule lumen; extracellular space;
Biological process	negative regulation of execution phase of apoptosis; G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway; regulation of insulin secretion; cellular response to glucagon stimulus; positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation; positive regulation of calcium ion import; positive regulation of histone H3-K4 methylation; positive regulation of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation; feeding behavior; positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade; positive regulation of protein binding; cell population proliferation; signal transduction; positive regulation of protein kinase activity; adenylate cyclase-modulating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway; protein kinase A signaling; positive regulation of insulin secretion involved in cellular response to glucose stimulus; response to starvation; negative regulation of apoptotic process; regulation of signaling receptor activity; adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway;
	Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
	2641
	14526
	ENSG00000115263
	ENSMUSG00000000394
	P01275
	P55095
	NM_002054
	NM_008100
	NP_002045
	NP_032126
	Wikidata
View/Edit Human	View/Edit Mouse

Proglucagon is a protein that is a precursor of glucagon and several other components. It is cleaved from preproglucagon. Proglucagon is generated in the alpha cells of the pancreas and in the intestinal L cells in the distal ileum and colon.

Preproglucagon in humans is encoded by the GCG gene and is composed of 180 amino-acid residues.

More specifically, preproglucagon is cleaved into the following components in different organs:

Signal peptide (1-20) – removed from preproglucagon to form proglucagon (21-180)
Glicentin (21–89)
Glicentin-related pancreatic polypeptide (GRPP, 21-50)
Oxyntomodulin (OXY or OXM, 53–89)
Glucagon (53–81)
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1, 92–128) – first seven residues further cleaved
Glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2, 146–178)

Proglucagon itself is a protein with three repeats of slightly different secretin family hormones to be cleaved to form mature hormones.