(This is basically the same answer as GdD's, just with easier math.)
You want to end up with a tart with about the same volume as 8 tartlets, so it'll hold the same amount (= volume*) of filling. Volume is area times depth, but the depth of a tart is the same as the depth of a tartlet, so we've now reduced the problem to one of figuring out the area of 8 tartlets and converting that to one tart.
The formula for area is πr2, but we don't actually have to sit there with a calculator, because the πs cancel each other out:
8 × (7÷2)2 × π = 1 × (x÷2)2 × π ÷2 because 7 cm is the diameter, not the radius
8 × 72 = x2 but it doesn't matter because those cancel out, same as the πs
8 × 49 = x2
We still don't need the calculator, because 49 is basically 50, and 8 times 50 is 400, and the square root of 400 is 20. So you need an approximately 20 cm tart pan to hold the same volume as eight 7 cm tartlet pans.
*straight from the "English has too many words" files