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I saw a documentary that seemed pretty legitimate, but at one point they referred to "Cantonese people" and it confused me.

It was about modern times (~2018) so it definitely wasn't a historical reference.

I know Guangzhou used to be called Canton, but I thought "Cantonese" was only used to refer to the Cantonese language which is spoken by many people from Taiwan/Hong Kong.

If someone is from Guangzhou, are they "Cantonese"?

And if someone is "Cantonese" does it mean that they are from Guangzhou?

Nate Eldredge
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Not quite. It means that they are from the Guangdong (from which the word Canton is derived) province. Cantonese food, language, people: the word Cantonese has many uses, and is not limited to the language.

Also, note that the Cantonese language is not even a decimal point in the language stats in Taiwan. The three Chinese languages spoken there are Mandarin, Minnan (Hokkien) and Hakka.